The honour of the Prophet(saw) as expounded in the chapter of Al-Fatiha

April 24, 2008

Section 9 of Kitab ash-Shifa bita’rif `Huquq Al-Mustapha (The
Antidote in knowing the rights of Chosen Prophet)

Allah commences the Chapter “The Opening” with the verses “Indeed, We
have opened for you (Prophet Mohammed) a clear opening, that Allah
forgives your past and future sins, and completes His Favor to you,
and guides you on a Straight Path, and that Allah helps you with a
mighty help. It was He who sent down tranquility into the hearts of
the believers so that they might add belief upon belief. To Allah
belong the armies of the heavens and the earth. Allah is the Knower,
the Wise. (From His Wisdom) He admits the believers, both men and
women, into Gardens underneath which rivers flow, there to live for
ever, and acquit them of their sins-that with Allah is a mighty
triumph-and that He might punish the hypocrites and the idolaters,
both men and women, and those who think evil thoughts of Allah. An
evil turn (of fortune) will befall them. The Wrath of Allah is on
them, and He has cursed them and prepared for them Gehennam (Hell),
an evil arrival! To Allah belong the armies of the heavens and the
earth. Allah is the Almighty, and the Wise. We have sent you (Prophet
Mohammed) as a witness and a bearer of glad tidings and warning so
that you believe in Allah and His Messenger and that you support him,
revere him (Prophet Mohammed) and exalt Him (Allah), at the dawn and
in the evening. Those who swear allegiance to you swear allegiance to
Allah. The Hand of Allah is above their hands. He who breaks his oath
breaks it against his self, but he that keeps his covenant made with
Allah, Allah shall give him a mighty wage.” 48:1-10. These verses
denote yet again not only the favor, praise, and nobility of the
Prophet’s rank but also portray the blessings of Allah towards His
Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) all of which we are only
partially capable of understanding.

In the opening verse Allah announces to Prophet Mohammed (peace and
blessing be upon him) that He will make him victorious over his
enemies, and how His word and law will govern. He tells him that he
will not be held accountable for past or future actions and that he
is forgiven. “Allah forgives your past and future sins,” has been
explained by a scholar of Islam that Allah gave the Prophet (peace
and blessing be upon him) the status of pardoning and forgiveness and
that status becomes apparent by His addressing the Prophet (peace and
blessing be upon him) with forgiving his sins though he has no major
or minor sin because his satan became a Muslim and his self ordered
him only to do good, so addressing him with forgiveness is only in
the abstract and not for practical reasons to correct any fault
because there are none. In return to this some of this forgiveness
will transcend to his Companions and followers.

Another scholar said that “Allah forgives your past and future sins,”
means forgiveness for what had occurred and what had not occurred.
Makki, on the other hand it is said, “Allah has made favor a cause
for forgiveness and that everything comes from Him because there is
no god except Him. Favor upon favor and bounty upon bounty.” The
second verse continues, “and completes His Favor to you”. Scholars
said that this is brought about by the humiliation of those who were
arrogant. It has also been said that Allah is referring to the
opening of Mecca and Ta’if. In addition to these explanations it has
been said that it means the elevation of the Prophet’s status in this
life, the help of Allah, and His forgiveness. In this verse Allah
tells him that the completion of His blessings is in humiliating the
arrogant enemies of the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) and
the
opening of two of the most important cities, Mecca and Ta’if through
which the prophetic status is raised because he is guided on the
Straight Path which ultimately leads to the Garden and happiness in
the Everlasting Life. The Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him)
was always helped by Allah, but the help he received at that time was
by far mightier.

The next verse tells of the favor of Allah upon the believers through
His blessing towards them by the sending down of tranquility of their
hearts that increased them in belief. Further on He gives the best of
news-that of a mighty triumph-to both believing men and women that
Allah forgives and acquits them of their sins, and rewards them with
the Garden where they shall live forever. Allah then speaks of the
punishment of the hypocrites and idolaters in this world and in the
Everlasting Life, saying they are cursed and distanced from His Mercy
as their final arrival is an evil place in Hell. Allah says, “We
have sent you (Prophet Mohammed) as a witness and as a bearer of glad
tidings and warning”. In this verse Allah mentions more of the
Prophet’s excellent qualities and characteristics. He tells us that
Prophet Mohammed (peace and blessing be upon him) will be a witness
against his nation because it is he who conveyed to them the message
entrusted to him by Allah.

It has also been said that it is on behalf of his nation as he will
bear witness to the Oneness of Allah. In addition to this He gives
good news of the impending reward and forgiveness to those destined
for good with the belief in Allah, and His Prophet (peace and
blessing be upon him) and warns of the punishment that awaits his
wayward enemies. “That you support him, revere him” the consensus is
that this refers to Prophet Mohammed (peace and blessing be upon him)
and that he will be held in high regard by his nation. Ata’s son said
that this chapter contains a diversity of blessings for the Prophet
(peace and blessing be upon him). For example, “the clear opening” is
a sign of answering, “forgives” is an indication of love, and it is
freedom from any blemish. “Completes” is another blessing and an
indication of his election, and the completed blessing is the
attainment of the degree of perfection. “Guides” is an indication of
the friendship of Allah with him, and is the summons to the
witnessing.

Jaafar, Mohammed’s son explained that part of the completed blessing
of Allah to His Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) is that He
made him His beloved, that He swore by his life, superseded other
laws with the one he brought, and raised him to the highest rank.
Allah protected him during the Night Ascent so that his eye did not
swerve. He sent him for all mankind and permitted the spoils of war
to his nation (that had previously been forbidden to the People of
the Book). Allah elevated him to the rank in which his intercession
is accepted and made him the master of the descendants of Prophet
Adam, peace be upon him. Allah placed Prophet Mohammed’s name next to
His own Name in many places such as in the proclamation of faith and
in the call to prayer.

The chapter continues to say, “Those who swear allegiance to you
swear allegiance to Allah.” This is in reference to those who gave
their allegiance known as Ridwan-the pleasure of Allah. When the
Companions swore allegiance to the Prophet (peace and blessing be
upon him) their oath of allegiance was to Allah. The pledge is
followed by the statement, “The Hand of Allah is above their hands.”
The word “Hand” is metaphorical and symbolizes the power of Allah,
His reward, favor or His bond, and strengthens the undertaking of
their pledge to the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) him, and
at the same time raises the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him)
to whom their allegiance was given.

In the chapter “The Spoils” verse 17 there is a similarity, “It was
not you who killed them, but Allah slew them, neither was it you who
threw at them. Allah threw at them”. However, in the previous verse
it is metaphorical whereas in this verse it is a literal truth
because both the Slayer and the Thrower were in reality Allah. The
Creator, Allah, is the Creator of actions therefore He was the One
who threw, as well as the Giver of power and decision to throw. No
person has the power to throw in such a way that the eyes of each and
every enemy become filled with dust, and the slaying was the reality
of the angel’s slaying. This verse has been explained as meaning that
the Muslims neither killed them nor did they throw either the stones
or sand at their faces. It was Allah who threw terror into their
hearts. The meaning of this is that the benefit of the action comes
directly from the action of Allah, and that Allah is both the Slayer
and the Thrower and the Companions were the doers in name.

The position of the Prophet(saw) in the Sight of Allah

April 24, 2008

Chapter 3, Section 1, Kitab ash-Shifa bita’rif `Huquq Al-Mustapha (The
Antidote in knowing the rights of Chosen Prophet)

Judge Iyyad opens this section with the narration of Abbas’ son who
tells us that the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessing be upon him)
said, “Allah divided people into two groups and placed me in the best
group. Allah speaks of ‘the Companions of the Right’ and ‘the
Companions of the Left’, I am among the Companions of the Right and
the best of the Companions of the Right. Then He divided the two
groups into three and placed me in the best of the three. Allah
says, ‘Companions of the Right, what are the Companions of the Right?
Companions of the Left, what are the Companions of the Left? And the
Outstrippers, the Outstrippers’ 56:8-10. I am among the Outstrippers
and the best of the Outstrippers. Thereafter He divided the three
into tribes and placed me in the best tribe. Allah says, ‘And made
you nations and tribes that you might know one another. The noblest
among you before Allah is the most righteous of you. Allah is the
Knower, the Aware’ 49:13. Of all the children of Adam, I am the one
who fears Allah most, and the noblest in His Sight, and this is no
boast. Then, He divided the tribes and placed me in the best house.
Allah says, ‘O family of the House, Allah only wishes to distance
fault from you and to cleanse you, and to purify you abundantly” .
33:33. The Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) was asked when
the Prophethood was bestowed upon him and Abu Hurayra tells us that
he replied, “When Adam was between the body and spirit.”

With regard to the excellence of the Prophet’s lineage we are told by
al-Asqa’s son, Wa’ila, that the Messenger of Allah (peace and
blessing be upon him) told them, “Allah chose Ishmael from the
children of Abraham, and from the children of Ishmael He chose the
children of Kinana. From the children of Kinana He chose the children
of Hashim, and from the children of Hashim He chose the Quraysh, and
He chose me from the children of Hashim.”

In the following quotation Anass tells us that the Prophet (peace and
blessing be upon him) spoke of his honoured position saying, “I am
the most honoured of the children of Adam with my Lord, and this is
no boast.” Lady Aicha, Mother of Believers (may Allah be satisfied
with her) tells us that the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him)
said, “Gabriel came to me and said, ‘I searched the East and the West
of the earth and saw no man better than Mohammed, neither did I see a
tribe better than the children of Hashim.’” On the “Night Journey”
Burack, (the white, heavenly winged mount) was brought for the
Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) to ride and Anass tells us
that it shied away from the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him)
whereupon Gabriel said to Burack, “Would you do this to Mohammed? No
one who has ever ridden you is more honourable to Allah than he.”
Upon hearing this Burack broke into a sweat. Anass also tells us that
the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) said, “Allah brought me
down to earth in the loins of Adam, then He placed me in the loins of
Noah and thereafter cast me into the loins of Abraham. Allah
proceeded to move me from one noble loin and pure womb to another
until He brought me out of my parents. None of them were ever joined
together in fornication. “

Abbas praised the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him)
saying, “And when you were born the earth shone and the horizons were
lit from your light. Even before your arrival in this world, you were
excellent in the shadows and repository in the time when they covered
themselves with leaves. Then, you came through the centuries, not as
a mortal, nor yet as a lump of flesh nor as a clot, rather as a drop
that rode the ships, and bridled the idol. The drop was transferred
from loin to womb. As the world proceeded, the next era appeared.
Then your guardian house contained loftiness from Khindiff underneath
which were mountain ranges. When you were born, the earth shone and
the horizon was illuminated by your light. We travel in that
illumination And in the light and paths of right guidance.
O coolness of the fire of Abraham! O cause of the protection in the
blazing Fire!

Abu Hurayra, together with several other Companions tells us that the
Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) said, “Five things have been
given to me that no other prophet before me was given. Through terror
being cast into the hearts of my enemies I was given help a month
before I arrived. The earth has been made a mosque for me and a place
of purity, therefore when the time for prayer arrives, any man of my
nation can pray. The spoils of war which were unlawful to all
previous prophets have been made lawful to me. I have been sent for
all peoples. I have been given the intercession (on the Day of
Judgement).” It has also been transmitted that “Allah will instruct
Prophet Mohammed, ‘Ask and you will be given and pleased.’ He will
reply ‘I will not be pleased if any of my nation is in Hell. And also
he said ‘I left my best supplication for the sinners of major deeds
of my nation.’”

Also the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) said, “I was sent
to the fair and the dark.” This last statement has been explained in
two ways, the first is that “the dark” refers to the Arabs and “the
fair” non-Arabs. The second explanation is that “the fair” refers to
mankind and “the dark” to jinn (who were created from fire and live
in the wilderness). Abu Hurayra also tells us that the Prophet (peace
and blessing be upon him) said, “Through terror being cast into the
hearts of my enemies I was given help a month before I arrived and I
have been given all the worlds. While I slept, I had a vision in
which the keys of the treasures of the earth were brought to me and
placed in my hands.” In addition to this in another transmission
is “The rank of Prophethood was sealed for all times by me.” Amir,
Ukba’s son narrates that the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him)
said, “On your behalf, I will go in advance before you, and I will be
a witness for you. By Allah, I am looking at al-Kawthar (the river,
its pool and springs) now. I have been given the keys to the
treasures of the earth. By Allah, I do not fear that you will
associate (another with Allah), rather, I fear you will vie with one
another for worldly gain.”

Amr’s son, Abdullah tells us that the Messenger of Allah (peace and
blessing be upon him) said, “I am Mohammed, the unlettered Prophet,
there is no prophet after me. I was given all the Words and their
seals. I was made to recognize the guardians of the Fire and the
bearers of the Throne.” Omar’s son tells us that the Prophet (peace
and blessing be upon him) spoke of the end of the world saying, “I
have been sent not long before the arrival of the Last Hour.” Wahb’s
son, reported that the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) told
them that Allah said, “Ask, O Mohammed!” whereupon he replied, “What
shall I ask from my Lord? You took Abraham for a friend, You spoke to
Moses, You chose Noah and gave a kingdom to Solomon, the like of
which no one after him can have.” Allah replied, “What I have given
you is better than that, I have given you al-Kawthar (the river in
Paradise, its pool and springs), and I have placed your name after My
Name, which is announced throughout the heavens (on the earth in the
daily Call to Prayer). For you and your nation I have made the earth
a place of purity. I gave you the status of forgiveness for your past
and future deeds. You walk among people who are forgiven because of
you. I have not done this for anyone before you. I have placed in the
hearts of your nation the Holy Reading (Quran). For you I have
reserved your rank of intercession, and I have not reserved it for
any prophet except you.”

On another occasion the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him)
spoke to his Companions about the first people to enter the Garden,
and Hudhayfa tells us that he said, “My Lord has given me good news
that seventy thousand people from my nation and myself will be the
first to enter the Garden. With each of the seventy thousand there
will be another seventy thousand who will not be held to account. To
me He has granted that my nation will neither hunger nor yet will
they be overcome. He has given me victory, might and terror which
runs a month before me. The spoils of war have been permitted to me
and my nation. To me, He has made lawful much of that barred to those
who were before me. He has not placed any discomfort in the religion
for us.” Abu Hurayra tells us that, the Prophet (peace and blessing
be upon him) spoke of the signs of Prophethood given to previous
prophets, saying, “Every prophet was given signs by which people
would believe him, and I have been given the Revelation which Allah
has sent down to me, and it is my hope that I will have the greatest
number of followers on the Day of Resurrection. “

The following is a simplified explanation of the preceding quotation
on a vast subject which will, Allah willing (inshaAllah) , be
discussed in greater detail in the final chapters that speak of the
miracles given to Prophet Mohammed (peace and blessing be upon him).
Scholars of Islam have explained the meaning of this quotation is
that the Quran, the greatest miracle given to Prophet Mohammed (peace
and blessing be upon him) is unlike all the miracles of other
prophets and it will remain as long as the world remains. The
miracles of previous prophets appeared but did not remain and were
present only during their lifetime. The Quran will remain generation
after generation as something that can be seen by the eye, not just
as information and will remain up until the Day of Resurrection. It
is read, memorized by children and recited with its fine recitation.

Our attention is drawn by Imam Ali (may Allah be satisfied with him)
that every prophet was given seven noble, helping companions from his
nation. However, our Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) was
given fourteen and include, Abu Bakr, Omar, Masood’s son and Ammar.
Furthermore, ten of the Companions of the Prophet (peace and blessing
be upon him) were guaranteed Paradise: (Abu Bakr, Omar, Othman son of
Afan, Ali, may Allah honour his face, Talha son of Obidallah, Zubair
son of al-Waam, Abdul Rahman son of Awf, Sa’ad ibn Abi Waqqas, Sayed
son of Zayed, Abu Obaidah son of Jarrah).

The Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) said, “Allah protected
Mecca from the elephant (and the army of Abraha that came to destroy
Kaaba), and gave the Opening of Mecca to His Messenger and the
believers. This will not be permitted to anyone after me and it was
made lawful for me for only one hour of one day.” Sariyyah, al-
Irbad’s son heard the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessing be upon
him) say, “I am the worshiper of Allah and the Seal of the Prophets.
I was cast into the clay of Prophet Adam, and I am the promise of my
father Abraham, and the good news of Jesus, son of Mary.”

Abbas’ son spoke to his companions about the position of the Prophet
(peace and blessing be upon him) saying, “Allah preferred Mohammed to
the angels of the heavens and all the other prophets.” Whereupon his
companions inquired about his excellence over the inhabitants of the
heavens, so he told them, “Allah says to the inhabitants of the
heavens, ‘If any one of them says: I am a god other than Him, We will
recompense him with Gehenna (Hell). As such We recompense the harm
doers’” 21:29. Whereas He said to Mohammed “Indeed, We have opened
for you a clear opening, that Allah forgives your past and future
sins, and completes His Favor to you, and guides you on a Straight
Path.” 48:1-2. They then inquired about his excellence over the other
prophets and he reminded them of the verse, “Allah says, ‘We have
sent no Messenger except in the tongue of his own nation, so that he
might make everything plain to them. But Allah leads astray whom He
will and guides whom He will. He is the Almighty, the Wise.’ 14:4
whereas He said to Mohammed, “We did not send you for all mankind
except to bring them glad tidings and to warn.” 34:28.

One day, Khalid, Madan’s son was amongst the Companions who asked the
Messenger of Allah (peace and blessing be upon him) to tell them more
about himself, so he told them, “I am the answer to the supplication
of my father Abraham, when he supplicated ‘Our Lord, send among them
a Messenger from them.’ 2:129. Jesus also gave the good news about
me.” The Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) continued, “When I
was in my mother’s womb, she had a vision in which a light came from
her that illumined the castles of Basra in Syria.” Then he spoke of
his suckling saying, “I was suckled by the tribe of Saad Bakr’s son”
and told them, “I was herding some animals with my foster-brothers
behind our tents when two men wearing white robes came to me. They
held me tightly and split open my chest, from my throat down to my
belly. Then they removed my heart and split it open and extracted a
black drop from it and disguarded it. Then they washed my heart and
chest with snow until they had cleansed it.”

Regarding the belief and wisdom in his heart even when he was a child
it has also been reported that the Prophet (peace and blessing be
upon him) said, “Then one of them reached for something and there was
a ring of light in his hand that would dazzle anyone who looked at
it. Then, he sealed my heart with it and my heart was filled with
belief and wisdom, and he put it back. Thereafter, the other passed
his hand over that part of my chest and it was healed and restored.
Then one of them said to the other, ‘Weigh him against ten from his
nation’, so they weighed me and I outweighed them. Then he
said, ‘Weigh him against one hundred of his nation’, so they weighed
me and I outweighed them. Then he said, ‘Weigh him against one
thousand of his nation’, so they weighed me and I outweighed them.
Then he said, ‘Leave him, if you were to weigh him against all of his
nation he would still outweigh all of them.’ (This is proof that he
is the major core and center point of creation). Thereafter they
embraced me, kissed my head and then kissed me between my eyes. Then
they said, ‘O beloved, do not be afraid, if you did but know the
blessings that are destined for you, you would be overjoyed!’ Then
they said, ‘How honoured you are with Allah!’ Allah and His angels
are with you.’ Then they left me, and it is as if I can still see
them.”

On another occasion Prophet Mohammed (peace and blessing be upon him)
spoke of Prophet Adam, and Samarkandi and other scholars tell us that
he said, “When Adam made his mistake he said, ‘O Allah, forgive me my
sin by the right of Mohammed!’ And Allah inquired (gently although He
already knew), ‘How do you know Mohammed?’ He replied, ‘I saw written
everywhere in the Garden: There is no god except Allah, Mohammed is
the Messenger of Allah, so I knew that he was the most honoured of
creation in Your eyes. So Allah turned to him and forgave him.” It
has been explained that this is the meaning of the verse, “Then Adam
received Words from his Lord, and his Lord relented towards him. He
is the Receiver of Repentance, the Merciful.” 2:37.

It has also been reported that Adam said, “When You created me, I
lifted my gaze to Your Throne, and on it, it was written, ‘There is
no god except Allah, Mohammed is the Messenger of Allah,’ so I knew
that no one would be held in greater esteem by You than he whose name
You placed next to Your Name.” Then Allah revealed to him, “By My
Might and Majesty, he is the last of the prophets among your
descendants. If it were not for him, I would not have created you.”
It has been said that Adam was given the endearing name “Abu
Mohammed’, meaning father of Mohammed, some people say it was Abul
Bashar meaning ‘father of mankind’. Surayj, Jonah’s son tells us
that, “Allah has angels, who as an element of their worship, visit
each house that has a person called Ahmed or Mohammed in it on
account of the honour in which they hold Mohammed.” Abul Hamra tells
us that the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) spoke of his
Night Journey, saying, “When I was taken to the heavens on the Night
Journey, written on the Throne of Allah were the words, ‘There is no
god except Allah, Mohammed is the Messenger of Allah, and I have
supported him with Ali.”

Abbas’ son explained the verse “Beneath it was buried a treasure
which belong to them.” 18:82 saying, “It is a tablet of gold on which
it was written, ‘How strange is it for the one who is certain about
the decree! How can he begin? How strange for the one who is certain
of the Fire! How can he laugh? How strange for the one who sees this
world and itsunexpected changes in respect of people-how can he be at
peace there? ‘I am Allah, there is no god except Me. Mohammed is My
worshiper and My Messenger.’” The Prophet (peace and blessing be upon
him) also told those in his company, “Written on the door of the
Garden is ‘I am Allah, there is no god except Me. Mohammed is the
Messenger of Allah. I will not punish anyone who says that.’”

Many inscriptions have been found either on inanimate objects or
otherwise all of which testify to the rank of Prophet Mohammed (peace
and blessing be upon him) amongst which are: Written on an ancient
stone it is written, “Mohammed fears Allah, a righteous man, and a
trusted master.” One day as Al-Simintari was in Khorasan he saw a
child and written on one side of him was the inscription, “There is
no god except Allah,” and on the other side “Mohammed is the
Messenger of Allah.” In India a red rose was found with an
inscription written in white that read, “There is no god except
Allah, Mohammed is the Messenger of Allah.”

(In the following narrations, our attention is drawn to the
meritorious value of naming a son Mohammed.) Mohammed Jaafar’s father
tells us that “On the Day of Resurrection a call will be given, ‘Let
whosoever is named Mohammed stand up and enter the Garden by the
meritorious honour of his name.’ May Allah praise and venerate him
and grant him peace.” Prophet Mohammed (peace and blessing be upon
him) said, “No harm will come if he has, one, two or three Mohammed’s
in the house.” Malik heard the people of Mecca say, “There isn’t an
unprosperous house in which there is the name Mohammed. All the
people of that house are provided for and likewise their neighbors.”

Abdullah, Masood’s son said, “Allah looked into the hearts of His
worshipers and from among them chose the heart of Mohammed. He chose
him for Himself and sent him with His Message.” When the verse “You
must not hurt the Messenger of Allah, nor shall you ever wed his
wives after him, surely, this would be a monstrous thing with Allah.”
33:53. Naqqash tells us that the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon
him) arose and addressed the people, saying, “O gathering of
believers! Allah, the Immense has preferred me greatly over you, and
He has preferred my wives greatly over yours.” It also draws our
attention to the favor of Allah upon him and his wives.

The qualities of the Prophet as described by Ahl al-Bayt

April 24, 2008

Section 22 of Kitab ash-Shifa bita’rif `Huquq Al-Mustapha (The
Antidote in knowing the rights of Chosen Prophet)

we are of the opinion that the best manner
would be to quote the sayings of al-Hassan, and al-Hussayn, the
grandsons of the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) narrated by
Abi Hala, as they cover many of his qualities and include a
considerable amount of physical detail. Al-Hassan tells us that he
asked his uncle Abi Hala about the features of the Messenger of Allah
(peace and blessing be upon him) as he wished to recall them. He
said,

The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessing be upon him) was not only
imposing but majestic, his face shone like the full moon. He was a
little taller than medium height and a little shorter than could be
termed tall. The head of the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him)
was well proportioned and his hair was neither curly nor straight,
and parted; it did not reach lower than the lobes of his ears. His
complexion was fair and he had a wide brow. His eyebrows were thick
separated by a narrow space. When he was angered a vein throbbed
between them. His nose was long and had a line of light over it that
someone might, unthinkingly, suppose to be his nose. His beard was
thick, and his eyes were black and naturally mascared. His cheeks
were firm and his mouth wide with evenly spaced teeth. The hair on
his chest formed a fine line. His neck was as if it were fashioned
from pure silver. The Prophet’s physique was finely balanced, and his
body firm and muscular. His belly was equal in size to his chest.
His chest was broad and the space between his shoulders wide. His
calves were full. He was luminous! Between the neck and navel of the
Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) there was a fine line of
hair, however the rest of his torso was free from hair. He had hair
on his forearms and shoulders as did the upper part of his chest. His
wrists were thick, and the palms of his hand broad. Both his hands
and the soles of his feet were firm, and his fingers were long. He
was slender. He had a high instep and his feet were so smooth that
water ran off them. As for his gait, when he walked it was a though
he was going down a hill. His walk was dignified and easy. He walked
swiftly. When he addressed someone he would turn his entire body
towards them. He lowered and restrained his glance which would be
more downward than upward. He was the first to speak to his
Companions and the first to greet any person he met.”

Al-Hassan then asked how he spoke whereupon Abi Hala’s son replied,

The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessing be upon him) was sad on
account of his knowledge of reality and reflected. He took no rest
and spoke only when necessary, spending long periods in silence. He
began and concluded his talk correctly and his words were straight to
the point and easily understood without excess, or inadequacy. His
temperament was exceptional, he was neither harsh nor cruel. He
valued a gift no matter whether it was small. He neither censured,
nor criticized anything, nor did he praise the taste of food. He was
only angry with whosoever violated the rights of Allah, he was never
angry for his own personal sake. If he happened to point to
something, he pointed with his entire hand. When something surprised
him he would turn the palm of his hand upside down. When talking, he
held his right thumb in his left palm. When angered he turned away,
averting his face and when he was happy, he looked downwards. More
often than not his laughter was that of a smile and he showed his
teeth which were as white as hailstones.”

Al-Hassan said, “I delayed mentioning this to al-Hussayn for a while,
then I mentioned it to him only to discover he had beaten me to it.
He had asked our father (Imam Ali) about the preceding prophetic
qualities of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessing be upon him)
both at home and outside, and also about his features. He omitted
nothing.” Al-Hussayn said, “I asked my father about the prophetic
qualities of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessing be upon him)
at home and he replied,

‘He was permitted to enter his house for his own comfort. When he
retired to his house, he divided his time in to thirds, a third for
Allah, a third for his family and a third for himself, then, he
divided his third between the people and himself. As for the time
allotted for the people, he spent more time with ordinary people than
he did with the hierarchy, so none were excluded. In respect to the
prophetic qualities in the third set aside for himself he would show
preference to those of merit and divide the time according to the
excellence of their faith. Some only had one need, whereas others had
two or more. He concerned himself with them and kept them active in
doing things that were beneficial for both themselves and the
community. He always asked about them and their affairs. He would
say, ‘Those of you who are present should convey things to those who
are absent, and you should let me know the needs of the people who
are unable to convey their needs to me. On the Day of Resurrection,
Allah will make firm the feet of a person who conveys to a ruler the
need of someone who is unable to convey it himself.’” Sufyan, Wukay’s
son, commented “The people entered (into his presence) as seekers and
only departed after they had tasted something, and left to guide
others.”

Al-Hussayn asked his father about the occasions the Prophet (peace
and blessing be upon him) went out and his mode of behaviour. Imam
Ali replied,

The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessing be upon him) did not
speak unless it was in respect of the concerns of people. He unified
people and did not divide them. He honoured the nobility from each
delegation and appointed them over their people. He was cautious and
guarded himself against them, however he was never discourteous and
never turned his face away from them. Prophet Mohammed (peace and
blessing be upon him) inquired about his Companions and would ask
people about others. He praised and encouraged what was good, and
disliked and discouraged anything that was odious. He took a balanced
course, without making changes. He was never neglectful, because it
was his fear that people might become negligent or weary. He was
always prepared for any eventuality. He neither neglected a right nor
let his debt become excessive so that he had to ask for the help of
others. To him, the best and most preferred people were those who
were good advisors to others. As for those he esteemed most, they
were those who supported and helped him.”

Al-Hussayn also asked Imam Ali (may Allah be pleased with them) him
about his gatherings and prophetic qualities while he was with them.
Imam Ali replied,

The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessing be upon him) neither sat
down nor stood up without mentioning Allah. He did not reserve a
special place for himself and forbade others to do so on his behalf.
When he came upon a group of people he would sit down at its edge and
ask others to do the same. Everyone who sat with him received his
share of time and no one who sat with him felt that another was more
honoured than he. The Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) was
patient with all people and those in his company would be the first
to depart. When someone in need asked for something he would either
give it to him or speak to him with words of consolation. Of all
people, he was the kindest and most well mannered, and was like a
father to them. When it came to the rights of people each was equal
before him. The gatherings of the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon
him) were those of forbearance, modesty, patience and trust. Voices
were never raised during these gatherings neither were people’s
shortcomings made known, nor lapses exposed. Each participant was
humble, bonded to one another through their fear of Allah. Respect
was shown to the elderly and mercy shown to the young, they helped
those in need and were merciful to strangers.”

Having asked these questions al-Hussayn then asked about the
Messenger of Allah’s interaction with his Companions. Imam Ali told
him,

The Messenger of Allah (peace and blessing be upon him) was of a
cheerful disposition, with an exceptional temperament. He was never
harsh or rude and did not shout or use obscene language. He was not
one to find fault nor over praise anyone. He disregarded and left
anything that was unessential. He was void of hypocrisy, and did not
store up matters, nor did he concern himself with trivialities. He
neither censured anyone, scolded them, nor pried into the secrets of
people. When Prophet Mohammed (peace and blessing be upon him) spoke
it was only about things to receive a reward from Allah. When he
spoke, those sitting with him sat still, as if they had birds perched
on their heads. When someone spoke to him, they remained silent until
he had finished. Their conversation was about the first matter that
was raised. He laughed at what they laughed and was surprised by that
which surprised them. When a stranger spoke to the Prophet (peace and
blessing be upon him) in a vulgar manner, he was patient with him. He
said, “When you find someone asking for something of which he has a
need, give it to him.” He did not look for praise except to balance a
matter. He never interrupted someone who happened to be speaking, and
spoke only when that person had finished what he was going to say or
when the person got up from where he was sitting.”

Imam Ali (may Allah be satisfied with him) was asked by someone else
to describe the silence of the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessing
be upon him) to which he replied,

“He remained silent on account of four matters; forbearance, caution,
evaluation and reflection. He reflected upon what would endure and
that which would not. He was forbearing in his patience, and
provocative matters never angered him. The Prophet (peace and
blessing be upon him) exercised caution out of concern for his nation
in several matters. For example he avoided offering voluntary worship
in front of his followers lest they follow him and thereafter the
voluntary become obligatory. If such matters had become obligatory
his nation would have been punished if they neglected to do them. The
Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) would overlook something
minor in order not to harm the establishment of something major. In
other words focusing on the principle cause rather than minor issues
and he would strive to establish what was best for his nation, both
materially and spiritually of the code of practice, and the
supportive knowledge and wisdom. He established the best practice in
this life for the sake of winning in the Everlasting Life.”

Praise be to Allah, and our thanks to Him. This brings to a close a
glimpse of the description of the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon
him).

a brief introduction on ulama of ahlusunna

April 20, 2008

1. AHMAD (Ibn Hanbal):
He is Abu ‘Abdullah, Abmad bin Muhammad bin Hanbal Ash-Shaibani, known
by the name Ibn Hanbal. He was a celebrated theologian, jurist and a
Hadeeth scholar. He is also one of the four Fiqh Imam. Imaam Ahmad was
born at Baghdad in Rabi’-ul-Awwal, 164 H. He studied the Hadeeth and
Fiqh together with other Islaamic disciplines in Baghdad, then travelled
to Ash-Sham and Hijaz for further studies. He was persecuted during the
rule of Al-Ma’mun bin Harun Ar-Rashid for refusing to acknowledge the
Bid’aa (innovation) of claiming that the Qur’aan was the creation of
Allaah * introduced by the Mu’ tazila. He however, stood firm against
all the trials and saved the Sunnah from the innovation of the wretched
Mu ‘tazila thoughts. He was the mostly persecuted and most firm one
amongst all the Imam. He is most famous for collecting the Hadeeth of
the Prophet compiled in the Musnad Ahmad bin Hanbal, which contain 28
to 29 thousand Hadeeth. It was said that Ibn Hanbal memorized one
million Hadeeth. Ibn Hanbal died in Baghdad on Friday, 12 Rabi
‘-ul-Awwal 241 H. * The Creed of the Ahlus-Sunnahh is that the Qur’aan
is the Kalaam or Word of Allaah

2. AL-BUKHARI, Muhammad bin Isma’il: He is the Amir-ul-Mu ‘mimn in the
knowledge of Hadeeth, and his full name is Abu ‘Abdullah, Muhammad bin
Isma’il bin Ibrahim bin Al-Mughira bin Bardizbah Al-Ju’fi Al-Bukhari. He
was born in Shawwal 194 H. In Bukhara in what is now Uzbekistan.
Al-Bukhari studied Hadeeth at an early age and travelled widely over the
Muslim world collecting Hadeeth and compiled the most authentic ones in
his book Al-Jami ‘As-Sahih, which later became known as As-Sahih
Al-Bukhari and contains 2602 Hadeeth which he selected from the
thousands of Hadeeth that he had memorized. Al-Bukhari studied under
famous Hadeeth Imam like Malik bin Anas and Yahya bin Ma’in. He died in
Samarqand, the present day capital of Uzbekistan Nowadays, the capital
is Tashkent. , the night of ‘Eid-ul-Fitr, 256 H. Al-Bukhari was unique
in the science of the methodology of Hadeeth and his book Al-Ja’mi
‘As-Sahih is considered to be the most authentic book after the Qur’an.
Saheeh al-Bukhari has been translated to English and is easily
available.

3. MUSLIM bin Hajjaj:
Muslim’s full name is Muslim bin Al-Hajjaj Al-Qushairi An-Nishapuri. He
was born in 204 H., in the city of Nishapur near the city of Mashhad in
present Iran. Muslim is considered second only to Al-Bukhari in the
science of the methodology of Hadeeth. He started the study of Hadeeth
at an early age and travelled to ‘Iraq, Hijaz, Ash-Sham and Egypt and
studied under the scholars of Hadeeth at that time like Al-Bukhari,
Ahmad bin Hanbal and Ibn Abee Shaiba. He also taught the famous Hadeeth
scholars like At-Tirmidhi and Ibn Abu Haatim. Muslim compiled the
Hadeeth book Al-Musnad As-Sahih, which became known as Sahih Muslim.
This book, which is considered by the Muslim ‘Ulama as the second most
authentic Hadeeth book after Al-Bukhari, contains 9,200 Hadeeth. Imam
Muslim died at his birthplace in Rajab 261 H. Saheeh al-Muslim has been
translated to English.

4. ABU DA’UD, Sulaiman bin Al-Ash’ath: Abu Da’ud, Sulaiman bin
Al-Ash’ath bin Ishaq Al-Azdi As-Sijistani, who was one of the eminent
Imam of Hadeeth, was born in 202H. He studied Hadeeth under Imam Ahmad
bin Hanbal along with Al-Bukhari and taught many of the later scholars
of Hadeeth, like At-Tirmidhi and An-Nasaa’ee. Though Abu Da’ ud
collected 5,00,000 Hadeeth, he compiled 4,800 Hadeeth only in his book
entitled As-Sunan, which he taught in Baghdad and other major cities at
that time. He died at Basra on Friday in the month of Shawwal 275 H.
Sunan Abu Dawood has been translated to English.

5. AT-TIRMIDHEE, Abu ‘Iesa Muhammad bin ‘Iesa: Abu ‘Iesa, Muhammad bin
‘lesa bin Sura At-Tirmidhee was born in 209 H. In a town called Tirmiz
in Uzbekistan near the northern border of Afghanistan. He was a student
of Al-Bukhari, and compiled 4,000 Hadeeth in his book called Al-Jami
which later came to be known as Sunan At-Tirmidhi. He also contributed
tremendously to the methodology of Hadeeth and composed a book on it
called Al-’Ilal (the discrepancies). He was famous for his piousness. He
became blind and finally died on 13 Rajab 279H. An abriged version of
Sunan at-Tirmidhi is available in English in the Alim computer software
CD.

6. AN-NASA’I, Abu ‘Abdur-Rahman Ahmad bin Shu’aib: Abu ‘Abdur-Rahman,
Ahmad bin ‘Ali bin Shuiaib bin ‘Ali Al-Hafiz was born in 215H. In Nisa’,
a city in Khurasan. He became famous for the study of the methodology of
Hadeeth, memorizing and mastering it. His book known as Sunan An-Nasa’ee
is third to Sahih Al-Bukhari in terms of containing the least weak
Hadeeth. He lived in Egypt then moved to Damascus in Syria and died in
Makkah in the year 303 H.

7. IBN MAJAH, Muhammad bin Yazid:
Abu ‘Abdullah, Muhammad bin Yazid bin Majah Al-Qizwini was born in 207H.
He studied under Imam Malik and others, and many people narrated Hadeeth
from him. He was one of the eminent scholars of Hadeeth,but his Sunan
contains many weak and even Munkar Hadeeth. Ibn Majah died in Ramadan in
273H. Sunan Ibn Majah has been translated to English, and printed by
Kazi Publications, Lahore. Other Hadeeth Scholars

8. IBN RAHWAIH, Ishaq bin Ibrahim:
Abu Ya’qub, Ishaq bin Ibrahim At-Tamimi Al-Hanzali Al-Marwazi was an
eminent and great Haafidh, who was a resident and the ‘Aalim of
Nishapur. He was also considered as the Sheikh of the east of his time
and was known as Ibn Rahawaih. Imam Ahmad said, “I don’t know an ‘Aalim
equal to Ishaq in Iraq. Abu Zar’a also said, “There was no body so good
at memorizing the Hadeeth than Ishaq.” Abu Hatim also said, “His mastery
(of the Hadeeth), accuracy and accuracy and memorization were very
surprising.” Ibn Rahwaih was born in the year 166 H and died on l5th
Sha’ban 238 H.

9. AL-ISMA’ILI, Ahmad bin Ibrahim: Abu Bakr, Ahmad bin Ibrahim bin
Isma’il bin Al-’Abbas Al-Isma’ili Al-Jurjani was born in 277 H. He was
considered as an Imam and a Hafidh, and was given the title
Sheikh-ul-lslam due to his wide knowledge and because he was the leader
of the Shafi’ees in his region.

10. AL-BAZZAR, Ahmad bin ‘Amr: Abu Bakr, Ahmad bin ‘Amr bin
‘Abdul-Khaliq Al-Basri was one of the eminent and learned Hadeeth
scholars who had attained the rank of Hafidh in the memorization of
Hadeeth. He authored two books on Hadeeth which are Al-Musnad Al-Kabir
and Al-’Ilal. He studied under At-Tabarani and others. Al-Bazzar died in
292 H.

11. AL-BAIHAQI, Ahmad bin Al-Husain:
Abu Bakr, Ahmad bin Al-Husain was born in Sha’ban in the year 374H. He
was considered a learned Hafidh among the eminent Imams of Hadeeth and a
jurisprudence scholar in the Shafi’ee Madhhab. He wrote many books like
As-Sunan Al-Kubra and As-Sunan As-Sughra. Adh-Dhahabi said, “His books
exceed one thousand volumes.” Al-Baihaq, which he is named after, is a
town near Nishapur. Al-Baihaqi died in 458 H.

12. ABU HATIM AR-RAZI, Muhammad bin Idris:
Abu Hatim, Muhammad bin Idris bin Al-Mundhir Al-Hanzali Ar-Razi was born
in
the year 195 H. He was an eminent Hafidh and an Imam and one of the
prominent scholars who excelled in the methodology of Hadeeth. He was
also
one of the most respected scholars in the knowledge Al-Jarh wat-Ta’dil
(verifying the reliability and unreliability of the narrators of the
Hadeeth).

13. IBN AL-JARUD, ‘Abdullah bin ‘Ali: Abu Muhammad, ‘Abdullah bin ‘Ali
bin Al-Jarud An-Nishapuri,who lived near Makkah, was an Imam and a
Hafidh who was among those ‘Ulama who mastered the recitation of the
Qur’an. He authored Al-Muntaqa fil-Ahkam and was among the pious
scholars of his time. Ibn Al-Jarud died in 307 H.

14. AL-HARITH bin Abu Usama:
Imam Abu Muhammad, Al-Harith bin Abu Usama Muhammad bin Dahir At-Tamimi
Al-Baghdadi was a Hafidh and authored Al-Musnad which he did not arrange.
Ibrahim Al-Harbi and Abu Hatim verified him as reliable, and Ad-Daraqutni
said, “He is truthful.” Al-Harith was born in 186 H. And died on the day
of ‘Arafa 282 H.

15. AL-HAKIM, Abu Abdullah:
Abu ‘Abdullah, Muhammed ‘Abdullah An-Nishapuri Al-Hakim known as Ibn
Al-Baiyi’ was born in 321H. He was a celebrated Imam in the verification
of Hadeeth. He authored Al-Mustadrak in the methodology of Hadeeth. It
is said that he studied under one thousand professors and authored many
valuable books. Al-Hakim was pious and religious. He died in Safar 405 H.

16. IBN HIBBAN, Abu Hatim Ibn Hibban:
Abu Hatim, Muhammad bin Hibban bin Ahmad bin Hibban Al-Busti was born in
Bust in Sijistan. He was one of the celebrities in the knowledge of Hadeeth,
pious, Faqih, learned and one of the students of Ibn Khuzaimah. He died
in Samarqand in 354 H., while in his eighties.

17. IBN KHUZAIMA, Muhammad bin Ishaq:
Ibn Khuzaima, Muhammad bin Ishaq was born in 223 H. In Nishapur. He was
considered as a Sheikh-ul-lslam (the most learned ‘Aalim of Islam) and
one of the eminent and senior Hafidh. He was the Imam and Hafidh of
Khurasan during his time. He also authored more than 140 books. Ibn
Khuzaima died in Nishapur in 311 H.

18. IBN ABU KHAYTHAMA:
Abu Bakr, Ahmad bin Abu Khaythama Zuhair bin Harb An-Nasa’I Al-Baghdadi
was a celebrated Imam, Hafidh and an authority. He authored At-Tarikh
Al-Kabir. Ad-Daraqutni said about him, “He was reliable and
trustworthy.” Al-Khatib also said, “He was reliable ‘Aalim (learned),
accurate Hafidh, knowledgeable in the history of people, and the
narration of poetry.” He studied Hadeeth under Ahmad bin Hanbal and Ibn
Ma’in. Ibn Abu Khaythama died in Jumada-ul-Ula 289 H., at the age of 94
years.

19. AD-DARAQUTNI, ‘Ali bin Umar: Abul-Hasan, ‘Ali bin ‘Umar bin Ahmad
bin Mahdi Al-Baghdadi. He was nicknamed after a big store called Dar
Al-Qutn in Baghdad. He was a great Hafidh and a unique Imam who was born
in the year 306 H. He was the authority in the methodology of Hadeeth,
the knowledge of the weaknesses of the Hadeeth narrations and names of
the Hadeeth narrators of his time. Ad-Daraqutni died on 8th Dhul-Qa’da
385 H.

20. AD-DARIMI, ‘Abdullah bin ‘Abdur-Rahman: Abu Muhamrnad, ‘Abdullah bin
‘Abdur-Rahmnan bin Al-Fadl bin Bahram At-Tamimi Ad-Darimi As-Samarqandi
was born in the year 181 H. He was a celebrated Imam, Hafidh and
Sheikh-ul-Islam of Samarqand and the author of Al-Musnad Al- ‘Aali. He
heard Hadeeth at Al-Haramain, Khurasan, Ash-Sham, Iraq and Egypt.
Muslim, Abu Da’ud, At-Tirmidhi, An-Nasa’i and others transmitted Hadeeth
from him. He was described to be very intelligent and very virtuous and
was considered to be an exemplary person in piousness, patience,
hardwork, worship and abstinence. Ad-Darimi died on 8th Dhul-Hijja 255H.

21. ABU DA’UD, Sulaiman bin Da’ud At-Tayalisi: Sulaiman bin Da’ud bin
Al-Jarud Al-Basri was a Persianby origin and the freed slave of
Az-Zubair. He was a great Hafidh and one of the eminent ‘Ulama.
Al-Qallas and Ibn Al-Madini both said about him, “I have not seen
someone who is more versed with the Hadeeth more than him.” Ibn Mahdi
said, “He is a most truthful person.” He recorded Hadeeth from more than
one thousand scholars. Abu Da’ud died in the year 204 H.

22. IBN ABU AD-DUNYA, ‘Abdullah bin Muhammad bin ‘Ubaid: Abu Bakr,
‘Abdullah bin Muhammad bin ‘Ubaid bin Sufyan bin Abu Ad-Dunya Al-Qurashi
Al-Baghdadi, the freed slave of Banu Umaiya, was born in 208 H. He was a
Muhaddith and truthful ‘Aalim. He wrote some books and educated more
than one of the caliphs’ sons like Al-Mu’tadid. Ibn Abu Ad-Dunya died in
Jumada Al-Ula, 281 H.

23. ADH-DHUHLI, Muhammad bin Yahya:
Abu ‘Abdullah, Muhammad bin Yahya bin ‘Abdullah bin Khalid bin Faris,
the freed slave of Banu Dhuhl was born in 170 of the Hijra. He was a
Sheikh-ul-lslam and Amir-ul-Mu’minin in the knowledge of Hadeeth and
theHafidh of Nishapur. He acquired Hadeeth from many professors in
Al-Haramain, Ash-Sham, Egypt, Iraq, Ar-Ray, Khurasan, Yemen and
Al-Jazira and became very competent in this field and became the
authority of knowledge in Khurasan. Ahmad said, “I never saw someone who
knows the Hadeeth of Az-Zuhri from Muhammad bin Yahya than Adh-Dhuhli.
He died in Rabl ‘-ul-Awwal, 258H.

24. ABU ZUR’A AR-RAZI, ‘Ubaidullah bin Abdul-Karim: ‘Ubaidullah bin
‘Abdul-Karim bin Yazid bin Faroukh, Abu Zur’a Ar-Razi Al-Qurashi by
clientship was a Hafidh and an eminent scholar of the Hadeeth. He was
also considered among the Imam of ‘Al-Jarh wat-Ta’dil (the critical
study of the Hadeeth narrators). Muslim, At-Tirmi&i, An-Nasa’i, Ibn
Majah and others narrated Hadeeth from him. Adh-Dhahabi said, “Many
people heard Hadeeth from him in Al-Haramain, ‘Iraq, Ash-Sham,
Al-Jazira, Khurasan, and Egypt.” He was also well acclaimed for his
memorization, brightness, piousness, sincerity, knowledge and the good
application of his knowledge. Abu Zur’a Ar-Razi died towards the end of
264 H. At the age of 64 years.

25. IBN AS-SAKAN, Sa’id bin ‘Uthman: Abu ‘Ali Sa’id bin As-Sakan
Al-Baghdadi was born in 294 H. He was a celebrated Hafidh and an
authoritative Imam. He paid much attention to the study of Hadeeth, and
collected and wrote books on Hadeeth, thus becoming very famous in this
field. Ibn As-Sakan died in the year 353 H.

26. SA’ID bin Mansur: Sa’id bin Mansur bin Shu’ba Al-Marwazi or
At-Taliqani then Al-Balkhi lived near Makkah. He authored the book
As-Sunan. Imaam Ahmad bin Hanbal praised him immensely. Harb Al-Karmani
said, “He (Saiid) dictated to me about ten thousand Hadeeth from his
memory.” Sa’id bin Mansur died in Makkah in Ramadan 227 H, while in his
nineties.

27. ASH-SHAFI’EE, Muhammad bin Idris: Abu ‘Abdullah, Muhammad bin ldris
bin AI-’Abbas bin ‘Uthman bin Shafi’ee bin As-Sa’ib bin ‘Ubaid bin ‘Abd
Yazid bin Hashim bin ‘Abdul-Muttalib bin ‘Abd Manaf Al-Qurashi Al-Makki
was born in 150 H. in Ghaza and was taken to Makkah while a baby. He
lived in Egypt where he died in 204 H. He was considered to be one of
the most learned persons amongst the Muslim Ummah, unique, learned and
the founder of the science of Usul Al-Fiqh (the principles of
jurisprudence). His grandfather Shafi’i was a Sahabi who met the Prophet
while a growing up boy. Imaam Shafi’ee’s book, ar-Risaala on Usool
al-Fiqh has been translated to English (Islaamic Texts Society - UK,
1961) and is available with us for reference.

28. IBN ABEE SHAIBA, Abu Bakr:
Abu Bakr ‘Abdullah bin Muhammad bin Abee Shaiba Ibrahim bin ‘Uthman bin
Hawasi Al-’Ansi (by clientship) was a unique Hafidh. He authored
Al-Musnad wal-Musannaf and other books. He was a leader in the knowledge
of Hadeeth and Abu Zur’a, Al-Bukhari, Muslim, Abu Da’ud and Khalaf
narrated it from him. Abu Bakr died in Muharram, 235 H.

29. AT-TABARANI, Sulaimman bin Ahmad:
Abul-Qasim, Sulaiman bin Ahmad bin Ayub bin Mutair Al-Lakhmi At-Tabarani was
born in 260 H. in Tabariya As-Sham. He was an authoritative Imam and
narrated Hadeeth from more than one thousand scholars. He left Ash-Sham to
acquire the knowledge of Hadeeth and spent thirty-three years of travelling
in its pursuance. He authored many interesting and amusing books, among them
are Al-Mu’jam Al-Kabir, Al-Mu’jam Al-Awsat, and Al-Mu’jam As-Saghir.
At-Tabarani lived in Asfahan and died there on 27th Dhul-Qa’da, 360 H.

30. AT-TAHAWI, Ahmad bin Muhammad:
Abu Ja’far, Ahmad bin Muhammad Salama bin Salama Al-Azdi Al-Misri
At-Tahawi Al-Hanafi was born in the year 228 H. or 227 H. He was
nicknamed after a village called Taha in Egypt. He was a follower of the
Shafi’ee Madhaab (school of jurisprudence) and a student of Al-Muzni,
his nephew until the latter one day told him, “By Allah, you will never
became anything.” At-Tahawi then became angry and moved to Abu ‘Imran
Al-Hanafi and not only became a Hanafi (a follower of the Hanaf Madhhab)
but very enthusiastic in proving the Hanafi Madhhab by strengthening the
reports, adducing the Hadeeth weakened by the others as evidence to
support his Madhhab. Al-Baihaqi also said that he used to weaken the
unfavourable Hadeeth to his Madhhab through methods not approved of by
the scholars of the Hadeeth. Among his most famous books is Sharh Ma’ani
Al-Athar. At-Tahawi died in the beginning of Dhul-Qa’da,321 H.

31. IBN ‘ABDUL-BARR, Yusuf bin ‘Abdullah: Abu ‘Umar, Yusuf bin ‘Abdullah
bin Muhammad bin ‘Abdul-Barr bin ‘Asim An-Namari Al-Qurtubi was born in
Rabi’-uth-Thani, 368 H. He was a celebrated learned Imam and was the
Sheikh-ul-lslam and Hafidh of Al-Maghrib (North West Africa). He was
considered as the master of his time in the memorization and accurate
rendering of the Hadeeth. He was also skilled in the science of
genealogy and history. Ibn Hazm said, “I cannot talk about the knowledge
of the Hadeeth like ‘Abdul-Barr, so how can I do better than him?” He
has authored many books, the most famous of which is Al-Isti’ab. Ibn
‘Abdul-Barr died on a Friday in Rabi’-uth-Thani, 463 H. At the age of 95
years.

32. ‘ABDUL-HAQ bin ‘Abdur-Rahman: Abu Muhammad, ‘Abdul-Haq bin
‘Abdur-Rahman bin ‘Abdullah bin Husain bin Sa’ id Al-Azdi Al-Ishbili was
born in 510 H. He was a Hafidh and an authority in the knowledge of
Hadeeth. He resided in Bijaya in Spain where he spread his knowledge and
authored books. He was famous and a celebrated ‘Aalim and was appointed
as the Khatib of Bijaya. He was a Faqih and knowledgeable in the
methodology of the Hadeeth, its weak ones and the history of the Hadeeth
narrators. He was also described to be virtuous, pious and a strict
follower of the Sunnah. He also took interest in the arts and recited
poetry. ‘Abdul-Haq died in Bijaya in Rabi’-uth-Thani, 581 H.

33. ‘ABDUR-RAZZAQ bin Humam: Abu Bakr, ‘Abdur-Razzaq bin Humam bin Nafi’
Al-Himyari (by clientship) As-San’ani was considered as one of the
strongholds of knowledge.Ahmad, Ishaq, Ibn Ma’in and Adh-Dhuhli narrated
Hadeeth from him. He became blind in his old age and became senile.
‘Abdur-Razzaq died in 211 H. At the age of 85 years.

34. IBN ‘ADI, ‘Abdullah: Abu Ahmad, ‘Abdullah bin ‘Adi Al-Jurjani was
born in 279 H.He was a famous Imam, an eminent Hafidh and one of the
celebrated ‘Ulama. He was also nicknamed Ibn Al-Qisar. Ibn ‘Adi died in
Jumada-ul-Akhir, 365 H.

35. AL-’AQILI, Muhammad bin ‘Amr: Abu Ja’far, Muhammad bin ‘Amr bin Musa
bin Hamad Al-’Aqili was a Hafidh, an Imam and the author of Kitab
Ad-Du’afa’ Al-Kabir. He was a celebrated scholar, and the author of many
books. Al-’Aqili lived in Al-Haramain and died in 322 H.

36. ‘ALI bin Al-Madini: Abul-Hasan, ‘Ali bin ‘Abdullah bin Ja’far bin
Najih As-Sa’di by clientship - Al-Madini was born in 161 H. And was
considered as the most knowledgeable person regarding the Hadeeth of the
Prophet and Al-Bukhari said in this context, “I never belittled myself
before anyone else except before ‘Ali Al-Madini.” He was considered to
be the Imam of Al-Jarh wat-Ta’dil, the Hafidh of his time and the
exemplary of Ahl Al-Hadeeth (the scholars of the Hadeeth). ‘Ali
Al-Madini died at Samira in present Iraq at a place called Katibata
Al-Qa’qa in the year 234 H.

37. IBN AL-QATTAN, ‘Ali bin Muhammad: Abul-Hasan, ‘Ali bin Muhammad bin
‘Abdul-Malik Al-Fasi was born in Qurtuba in Spain in 562 H. And lived in
Fas in Morocco. He was a Hafidh, an Imam and a learned critic of the
Hadeeth methodology. Moreover, he was more knowledgeable about the
Hadeeth methodology and the mastery of the names and history of the
narrators of the Hadeeth than anyone else of his time. He also authored
many books and died in Rabi’-ul-Awwal, 628 H.

38. IMAM MALIK, Malik bin Anas:
Abu ‘Abdullah, Malik bin Anas bin Malik bin Abu ‘Aamir AI-Asbahi (Dhi
Asbah, his ninth grandfather was from one of the noblest tribes of
Yemen) was born in 93 H. or 94 H. He was the Imam of Dar Al-Hijra
(Al-Madina), the Faqih of the Ummah and the leader of Ahl al-Hadeeth. He
studied under more than nine hundred professors and a large number of
people learnt from him, among them being Imam Ash-Shafi’ee. The Muwatta
of Imaam Malik has been translated to English.

39. IBN MANDA, Muhammad bin Ishaq:
Abu ‘Abdullah, Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Muhammad bin Yahya bin Manda was
born in 310 H. And was a Hafidh, an Imam and a traveller. He was also
one of the eminent scholars, who mastered many Hadeeth. It is said that
he travelled all over the Muslim world of his time and returned with
about forty loads of books and his teachers were one thousand seven
hundred. Ibn Manda died in Dhul-Hijja 395H.

40. ABU NU’AIM, Al-Asfahani: Ahmad bin ‘Abdullah bin Ahmed bin Ishaq bin
Musa bin Mahran Al-Asfahani was born in Rajab 334 H. He was a famous
Hafidh, one of the eminent Muhaddithin and one of the great Huffaz. He
studied under the celebrated scholars and himself taught many virtuous
‘Ulama. He authored many books, among them Al-Mustakhraj ‘Ala
Al-Bukhari, and Al-Mustakhraj ‘Ala Muslim and Huliyat-ul-Awliya, which
is one of the best books. It is said that when he took it to Nishapur,
it sold for four hundred Dinar. Al-Asfahani died in Safar or 20th
Muharram, 430 H. at-Asfahan.

41. ABU YA’LA, Ahmad bin ‘Ali: Al-Hafiz Ahmad bin ‘Ali bin Al-Muthanna
bin Yahya bin ‘Iesa bin Hilal At-Tamimi was born in Shawwal, 210 H.He
authored AI-Musnad AI-Kabir and was considered as the Muhaddith of
Al-Jazira. He was truthful, trustworthy, tolerant and religious.
As-Sam’ani said, “I heard Ismaiil bin Muhammad bin Al-Fadl Al-Hafiz say:
‘I read the Musnad of Al-’Adani, the Musnad of Ibn Mani” and other
Masanid, which are like rivers, but the Musnad of Abu Ya’la is like the
sea into which all the rivers flow’.” Abu Ya’la died in the year 307 H.

A Brief introduction on four madhab imams (ra)

April 20, 2008

 

I

MAM MALIK, IMAM AHMED BIN HANBAL AND IMAM SHAFI.

 

The four Imam’s - Imam Abu Hanifa,  Imam Malik, Imam Ahmed bin Hanbal and Imam Shafi - are the figures who’s interpretation of the Hadith and Quran are followed by the majority of Sunni Muslims Worldwide. They are therefore of immense importance to the correct practice of Islam. These brief biographies do not do justice to the long and splendid lives of the Imams, but serve as a starting point in recognizing their importance. I urge you to learn more about them. Let us not forget that they were Tabieens - they had met some Sahaba and could directly relate Ahadith - and also that the great scholar Imam Bukhari was a follower of Imam Shafi’s school of thought.

Imam Abu Hanifah - Nu’man ibn Thabit 80-150 A.H.
Maida Malik

Better known as ‘Imam-e-Azam’ (The Greatest Imam), or by his kunyah ‘Abu Hanifah’, Nu’man ibn Thabit was born in the city of Kufa (modern day Iraq) in the year 80 A.H (689 A.D). Born into a family of tradesmen, the Imam’s family were of Persian origin as well as descending from the noble Prophets (saw) companion Salman al Farsi (RA). Imam Abu Hanifahs father Thabit had met in Kufa, Imam Ali Ibn Abi Talib (AS) who made dua for him and his progeny, and some say that Abu Hanifah was a result of this dua.

A hadith given by al Bukhari and Muslim states that Abu Hurairah narrated Allah’s messenger (saw) as saying: “if the Din were at the Pleides , even then a person from Persia would have taken hold of it, or one amongst the Persian descent would surely have found it”. Abu Huraira also narrates: “We were sitting in the company of Allah’s Apostle (saw) when Surah al Juma was revealed to him and when he recited amongst them (those who were sitting there) said ‘Allah s Messenger?’ but Allah’s Apostle (saw) made no reply, until he was questioned once, twice or thrice, and there was amongst us Salman the Persian. Allah’s Apostle (saw) placed his hand on Salman and then said: “Even if faith were near the Pleides a man from amongst these would surely find it”.

Imam as-Suyuti a Shafi alim (rh) remarked “It has been communicated unanimously that this hadith refers to Imam Abu Hanifah”.

Kufa at the time of the Imams birth was a great centre of knowledge and learning , with many of the noble Prophets (saw) companions (ra) having taken residence there. Due to the presence of these venerable people who had engendered so much interest in hadith and riwayat that practically every house in Kufa had become a centre of these disciples and their disciplines. At first , Imam Abu Hanifah was not a student of knowledge. However, by coincidence, whilst one day passing by the house of Sha’bi (acclaimed “Great Scholar among the Successors”), Abu Hanifah was called in by the shaykh who mistook him for a student. “Where are you going young man?” asked Sha’bi. Abu Hanifah named the merchant he was going to see. “I meant to ask” asked Sha’bi. “Who’s classes you attend?”. “Nobody’s” replied the Imam regretfully. “I see signs of intelligence in you” began Sha’bi, “you should sit in the company of learned men”. It was after this encounter that the young Imam began his quest for knowledge. Imam Abu Hanifah acquired knowledge from over four thousand people. His teachers included many prestigious men of the time whose sanad went back to a number of companions (ra). He himself was blessed with the meeting of the companions: Anas ibn Malik, Abdullah ibn Afwa and Sahl ibn Sa’ad (ra), thus gaining him the rank of being a Tabi’i (successor to the companions).

Amongst Imam Abu Hanifah’s shayukh was Hammad ibn Sulayman, he joined his circle at the age of 22, having already become a well known debater and studied with this shaykh until the latter’s death, where upon he took over his majlis (circle) at the age of forty. Shu’ba, a leading muhaddith who knew by heart two thousand traditions was also a teacher of Imam Abu Hanifah. Shu’ba was greatly attached to Imam Abu Hanifah saying “Just as I know that the sun is bright I know that learning and Abu Hanifah are doubles of each other”.

The Imam’s quest for knowledge inevitably took him to the Holy Sanctuaries, at a time when Makkah was a busy centre for learning. A number of acknowledged masters of Hadith, who had had access to the Prophets (saw) companions (ra) had established their own schools there. Of these was ‘Ata bin Rabah’s school. ‘Ata was a famous Tabi’i who had associated with most of the companions and acquired from this association a status of authority. He himself claimed to have met two hundred men who had associated with the the Noble Prophet (saw). The leading companions all acknowledged his learning. Abdullah ibn ‘Umar (ra), son of the caliph ‘Umar often used to say: “Why do people come to me when ‘Ata ibn Abi Rabah is there for them to go to?”. Of the other Muhaddithin of Makkah whose classes the Imam attended was ‘Ikrimah. He was the slave and pupil of Abdullah ibn ‘Abbas, who educated him with great care and attention, making him so proficient that he, during his own lifetime gave Imam Abu Hanifah the authority to exercise personal judgement and rulings. ‘Imam Abu Hanifah was the first to analyse Islamic jurisprudence, divide it into subjects, distinguish its issues and determine the range and criteria for analytical reasoning (Qiyas)’.

Al Hafiz al-Kabir Abu Bakr Ahmad al- Harizmi wrote in his book (Musnad), ‘Saif al Aimma’ reports that when Imam Abu Hanifah derived a matter from the Qur’an and Hadith, he would not give the answer to the inquirer unless all of them (his students) confirmed it. One thousand of Abu Hanifah’s disciples attended all his classes when he taught in the mosque of Kufa city. Forty of them were mujtahids. When he would find an answer for a matter he would suggest to his students who would study it together, and when they reached an agreement of it being consistent with The Qur’an and Hadith, and with the words of the Sahabah, he would be delighted and say, “Al-hamdu li’llah wallahu Akbar”, and all those who were present would repeat his words. Then he would tell them to write it down.

Ibn ‘Abd al- Barr relates in al-Intiqa’, ‘Abd Allah ibn Ahmad al-Dawraqi said: “Ibn Ma’inn was asked about Abu Hanifah as I was listening, so he said “He is trustworthy (thiqatun), I never heard that anyone had weakened him” No less than Shu’ba wrote to him (for narrations), and ordered him to narrate hadith’. Ibn Hajar said in Kharija ibn al Salt’s notice in Tahdhib al-Tahdhib, Ibn Abi Khaythama said: “If al Shu’bi narrates from someone and names him, that man is trustworthy (thiqa) and his narration is used as proof (yuhtajju bi hadithihi)”.

Many well known shuyukh narrated from Imam Abu Hanifah, to name but a few: al Thawri, ibn al-Mubarak, Hammad ibn Zayd and ‘Abd al-Razzaq (one of Iman al-Bukhari’s shaykh) Al Mizzi in Tahdhib al-Kamal names about one hundred names of those who narrated from Imam Abu Hanifah.

Imam as-Shafi (rh) is recorded to have stated: “All men of fiqh are Abu Hanifah’s children”. “…I would not have acquired anything of knowledge had it not been for my teacher. All men of knowledge are children of the ulema of Iraq, who were the disciples of the ulema of Kufa, and they were the disciples of Abu Hanifah”.

The Hanafi madhab, entitled after the Imam, spread far and wide during the time of the Ottaman Empire. Today, more than half the muslims on the earth perform their ibabdah according to the Hanafi madhab. The Hanafi school has decided court cases in the majority of Islamic lands for the greater part of Islamic history, including the Abbasis and Ottaman periods.

Not only was Imam Abu Hanifah’s extraordinary mind and knowledge something to be admired but so too was his exemplary character and piety. Dhahabi writes “Accounts of his piety and devotion have reached a degree of tawatur” (i.e. an unbroken chain of uncontradicted narrations).

He was given the title of the ‘Peg’ by some, for his continuous standing in prayer, often reciting the entire Qur’an in his nightly rakahs. He performed the Fajr prayer with the ablution made for the Isha prayers for forty years, (due to him praying the whole night through). It is reported that he had recited the whole Qur’an seven thousand times in the place where he died.

He earnt his living through trade, sending goods to other places and with the earnings he met the needs of his students. He gave much to charity and every Friday he would distribute twenty gold coins to the poor for his parents’ souls.

In the year 146 A.H, Abu Hanifah was sent to prison by Mansur, the leader at the time, after the Imam’s refusal to state that Mansur was the rightful khalifa, as well as refusing the position of presidency of the supreme court in recompense. Whilst in prison Imam Abu Hanifah was thrashed with a stick. Mansur repented and sent the Imam money, only to be refused again. By now Imam Abu Hanifah had become well known and thousands flocked to meet and seek his opinion wherever he went. His imprisonment far from reduced his popularity, and Mansur realised that he would have to treat the Imam carefully, thus he allowed him to teach whilst still in prison. Mansur finally decided to do away with the great Imam and had him poisoned. Abu Hanifah feeling the effects of the poison, bent down in prayer and died in the month on Rajab. News of the Imam’s death reached far and wide, and thousands gathered at the prison. The city Qadi washed his body, and kept repeating “by God you were the greatest faqih and the most pious man of our time….”.

By the time the bathing was finished so many people had assembled that the funeral prayer was performed attended by fifty thousand people.

The Great Imam died in Baghdad in 150 A.H at the age of seventy. May Allah SWT be pleased with him. Ameen.

IMAM MALIK FAQIHABU ABDULLAH, Malik bin Anas, was born in Medina in the year 715 AD. His ancestral home was in Yemen, but his grandfather settled in Medina after embracing Islam. He received his education in Medina, which was the most important seat of Islamic learning, and where the immediate descendants of the Companions of the Holy Prophet lived. Imam Malik was highly attracted to the study of law, and devoted his entire interest to the study of Fiqh. It is said that he sought out over three hundred Sahaba (those who saw the Companions of the Holy Prophet). From them he acquired the knowledge of the Holy Prophet’s sayings, Hadith, (plural Ahadith) - and the Holy Prophet’s Deeds, - Sunnah. Imam Malik studied Fiqh under the guidance of nearly one hundred learned Shaikhs who were residing in the city of the Prophet at the time. Among Imam Malik’s writings is the great work entitled Kitab-al-Muwatta, which is the earliest surviving book of Islamic law and Hadith. It quotes Sayings as well as the practices according to the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet as observed by Muslims in Medina.

Although Imam Malik wrote many treatises dealing with religion and ethics, Kitab-al-Muwatta is acknowledged as the most important among his writings. It is said that Imam Malik had originally recorded ten thousand Ahadith in this book, but in a revised edition the Imam reduced the number to only one hundred and seventy-two. Imam Malik was famous for his piety and integrity and courageously stood up, and was prepared to suffer, for his convictions. For example, when the governor of Medina demanded and forced people to take the oath of allegiance to Khalifa al-Mansour, Imam Malik issued a Fatwa that such an

oath was not binding, because it was given under duress. This resulted in many people finding courage to express their opposition, but the Imam was arrested, found guilty of defiance and publicly flogged.

When al-Mansour, learnt of this outrage, he apologized to the Imam and dismissed the governor. Sometime later the Khalifa sent him three thousand Dinars for his travelling expenses and invited him to come and reside in Baghdad. Imam Malik refused the offer and indicated that he preferred to continue his residence in Medina where the Holy Prophet was buried.

When the Khalifa Haroun-al-Rasheed visited Medina when he came to perform Hajj, he summoned Imam Malik to visit him and deliver a lecture. The Imam politely refused to go to the ruler but invited him to attend the class of students to whom he delivered regular lectures. The Khalifa, accompanied by his two sons, accepted the invitation and sat among the students to hear the Imam’s lecture.

Imam Malik died in the year 795 AD at Medina and is buried in the famous al-Baqie cemetery in the city of the Prophet.

Imam Malik’s followers and disciples developed a Fiqh school based on his books which came to be known as the Maliki Madhhab. Malikis are mostly found in North and West Africa, - Tunis, Algeria, Morocco and Egypt.



IMAM AHMED BIN MUHAMMAD HANBAL

 

Ahmed bin Muhammad Hanbal known as ibn Hanbal was born in the city of Baghdad in the year 780 AD. He studied various subjects in his hometown and traveled extensively in quest of knowledge. He was chiefly interested in acquiring knowledge of Ahadith- traditions of the Holy Prophet - and traveled extensively through Iraq, Syria, Arabia and other countries of the Middle East studying religion and collecting traditions of the Holy Prophet Muhammad.

Returning home from his travels which occupied several years of his early life, he took lessons from Imam Shafiee in the subject of Islamic law (Fiqh). He was deeply devoted to the traditional views on religious subjects and opposed innovation of any kind.

The strength of his views was tested when under Khalifa al-Mamun and Khalifa al-Mu’tasim, a kind of ‘inquisition court’ was created to deal with people - among whom were many acknowledged theologians - who would not for instance profess the doctrine of “the creation of the Qur’an”.

Imam ibn Hanbal, too, suffered as a result when he was arrested and brought in chains before the court. But he patiently submitted to corporal punishment and imprisonment and resolutely refused to deviate from his beliefs.

Under the rule of Khalifa Mutawakkil however, the policy of the government changed and Imam ibn Hanbal’s trials came to an end. From then onwards the Imam was accorded honor befitting his greatness and on several occasions he was invited to the Court and granted a generous pension.

Imam ibn Hanbal’s fame spread far and wide. His learning, piety and unswerving faithfulness to traditions gathered a host of disciples and admirers around him.

He died in Baghdad in the year 855 (241 A.H.) at the age of 75 years.

Among the works of Imam ibn Hanbal is the great encyclopaedia of Traditions called Musnad, compiled by his son from his lectures and amplified by supplements - containing over twenty eight thousand traditions. His other works include Kitab-us-Salaat, on the Discipline of Prayer and Kitab-us-Sunnah, on the Traditions of the Prophet. The above books form in the main, the Hanbali school of law, although Imam ibn Hanbal too, did not establish a Fiqh system of his own. His decisions were so highly regarded by his disciples that they began to systematize his legal teachings during his lifetime and his ideas gained recognition by the Sunni sect as one of the four authoritative Madhahb the Hanbali.

In the world of Islam, the Hanbalites to-day represent the smallest group of the four Sunni Madhahb, mostly confined to the Middle East countries.

In the 18th century Christian-era, the Hanbali system received a vigorous support from the Wahhabi movement founded by Muhammad bin Abdul Wahab (1703-1787 AD) who followed the Hanbali school of thought. The leadership of the Wahhabi movement today is in the hands of the Saudi dynasty who are the autocratic rulers of Hijaz, in the Arabian Peninsula.



IMAM SHAFI-EE

 

Abu Abdullah Muhammad Bin Idris descends from the Hashimi family of the Quaraish tribe to which Prophet Mohammed (PBUH) belongs. He was born in Gaza, Syria in 767 and became famous as Imam Shafi-ee. He lost his father early in life and was brought up by his mother in abject poverty in the city of Mecca. He spent much time among the Bedouins and acquired very great knowledge of Arabic poetry. At the age of twenty, he went to Medina and remained there as a student of Imam Malik till the later’s death in 796. He also came into contact with other learned men from whom he acquired knowledge of the Holy Qur’an and the Traditions of the Holy Prophet Muhammad.

Imam Shafi-ee possessed a very sharp memory and knew the whole of Imam Malik’s Muwatta by heart.

In 804 he visited Syria and from there proceeded to Egypt where he settled down. As a pupil of Imam Malik he was received with great honor and respect by the Egyptians. In 810 he went to Baghdad and there he was surrounded by a large number of students who were eager to acquire knowledge of the faith and practice of Islam from him.

The Shafi-ee school of law emerged from these students who practiced and propagated the views and rulings of Imam Shafi-ee through their writings and preaching.

Imam Shafi-ee wrote several books, the most well-known of which is called Kitab-al-Umm, which is a collection of writings and lectures of the Imam. A number of his students have also collected his writings, lectures and rulings in the form of books, or quoted him in their books.

Baghdad in Iraq and Cairo in Egypt were the chief centers of Imam Shafiee’s activities. It is from these two cities that teachings of the Shafi-ee school spread in the 9th century of the Christian era.

During the time of Sultan Salahuddeen (Saladin), the Shafi-ee doctrine was the most prominent in Egypt, and to this day the Imam of the Al-Azhar Musjid is always a Shafi-ee and the Shafi-ee Madhhab is industriously studied along with that of the other three schools of the Sunnis.

During his life Imam Shafi-ee also suffered from political intrigues. For instance, after studying under Imam Malik in Medina he was sent to fill an office in Yemen, where he was accused of political involvement which resulted in his arrest. He was taken as prisoner to Haroun al-Rasheed. The Khalifa however found him innocent and the Imam was honorably released.

Imam Shafiee died in the year 820 in Egypt.

The khatmiya of sayyuduna shiekh ahmad tijani(Ra)

April 15, 2008

The Khatmiya and Katmiya of Sidna Shaykh Tijani

The concept of “Sealness of Mohammedian Sainthood” (khatm al-wilaya al-Mohammediya) characterizes the unique standing of Shaykh Mawlana Abul Abbas Ahmed Tijani in Islamic sainthood. Sidna Shaykh announced himself the seal of the Sufi masters (Khatm al-Awliya) in the historical cycle inaugurated by the Holy Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him). He declared that the spiritual overflowings (al-fuyud) which came from the Mohammedian Essence (al-’Hadra al-Mohammediya, peace and blessing be upon him) were distributed through him over the whole span of the history of the world. Speaking of the undisclosed various stages of sealhood (al-khatmiya) in his Jawharul Manzum, the prolific Tijani penman Sidi Ahmed Skirej (d. 1366/1940) dismantles,

Appointed sainthood (al-wilaya al-ma’aduna) which is a special inheritance (wiratha) from the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) is divided to general (‘aam) and private (khass) as mentioned by the Sufis. The source of both emanates either from the inner prophethood (batin al-risala), inner messengerhood (batin al-nubuwwa), or from the Mohammedian Essence (ad-dhat al-Mohammediya). Each of these can be attained by the saints. The only difference, however, is in the degree of appearance and manifestation at the rank (maqam).

In Sufi literature the term khatm stands for the maqam of the ‘Seal of the Greatest Viceroy (khatm al-khilafa al-udhma) appeared first through Adam. Almighty Allah said: “And when the Lord said to the angels: Lo! I am about to place a viceroy (khalifa) in the earth [2:30]. The seal of this maqam is one person who is on the footsteps of Adam as well as Sidna Ali (may Allah be pleased with him) for viceroyalty perfectly and absolutely manifested itself restrictively in him. Therefore no saint will ever reach the perfection (of Sidna Ali) when arriving to this type of khatmiya. The khatm, therefore, does not seal sainthood. In fact, others will attain the khatmiya after him except that no one will reach his degree. (In the framework of this typology) the khatmiya is termed al-mulk (reign) as well.

At times the term khatm characterizes the ‘Seal of Imams’ (khatm al-imama). This category typifies the full and perfect manifestation in the imama (leadership) of people. This is restricted to the sons of Sidna Ali ibn Abi Talib. Therefore no one else will be bestowed the perfect manifestation of this saintly category except them.

At times the term khatm characterises the maqam of the “Absolute General Authorization” (al-qutbaniya al-jami’a al-’udhma), that is graded one rank bellow that of the prophets (anbiya) and companions (sa’haba) of the Holy Prophet (peace an blessing be upon him). Only those very unique Mohammedian-Poles reach this khatmiya maqam. One person only occupies it at every age, resembling, on the other hand, the Reviver of Faith (al-mujaddid) that appears at every 100 years. The mujaddid is not restricted to one person and one person only.

Numerous poles claimed this khatmiya rank such as Sidi Mohammed Wafa (d. 765/1350), Imam Qashashi, and others (may Allah be pleased with all). Compliance with the Shari’a by heart and recollection (without having to resort to an aid) is a prerequisite of this khatmiya. Knowledge of the names of each animal, plant, mineral metal and other beings is another prerequisite. Sidi Ali ibn Mohammed Wafa (807/1404) said: “The most perfect saint in every age is the one who manifests his divine revelation and gnosis in a way people could never have guessed”. Therefore each khatm (in this typology) possesses special manifestation in accordance to his rank. Hence levels of variance exist (in every age).

The particularity of this khatmiya (in the historical cycle inaugurated by the prophethood of the Holy Prophet) was fastened and sealed by the Greatest Seal (al-khatm al-akbar), the Famous Gnostic (al-’arif shahir), the Sun of Gnosis (shams al-ma’arif), Mawlana Ahmed Tijani (radiya’Allah-u ‘anhu wa saqana minhu bi-a’adhami al-awani). Shaykh Tijani’s great sealness of the khatmiya maqam indicates that no one will ever appear in this maqam the way he appeared and manifested in it as he sealed the absolute appearance (ad-duhur at-tam) of the khatmiya maqam. This does not indicate that he sealed its appearance nor no one after him will attain the rank of sainthood (wilaya) as it is commonly misunderstood.

The khatmiya maqam’s absolute appearance was claimed before by Sidi Muhyiddin ibn Arabi al-‘Hatimi (d. 636/1221) when he said: “We no doubt sealed sainthood by inheriting the Hachimi and the Messiah”. However he retracted (taraja’a) later when aware that the full, complete and absolute appearance in that maqam is to be for some one else. He discover not who will attain such absolute appearance. That is why, like other saints, called such a khatm: the Concealed (al-Maktum).

At times the term khatm figures the ‘Seal of Prophetic Inheritance’ (khatm al-wiratha al-nabawiya). After this khatm appear no saints with power of governance (Awliya’-u tasreef). This seal will be the just Imam, the Awaited al-Mahdi (al-Mahdi al-Muntadhar). Sainthood (out of the power of tasreef) wont cease to exist after him, for it is the “Absolute Seal”, the one after which there will be no saints at all is the Prophet Sidna Aissa (“Jesus”; peace and blessings be upon our prophet and him).

At times the term khatm bodies the ‘Seal of the Existence of Birth’ (Khatm wujud al-wilada). Meaning that this khatm will be the last to be born from mankind. It is restricted to one person who is on the footsteps of Prophet Seth (peace be upon him) and holder of his secrets. After this seal there wont be any more children from the children of Adam for he is the ‘Seal of Children’. A sister of his will also be born at the same time. She will be born before him and he will follow. His head will be at her feet. His birthplace will be China and he will speak the language of his country. Sterility will be widespread in man and women and there will be no more children. He will call people to Allah but will not be heard. When Almighty Allah takes his soul and the souls of the believers in his time, those remaining will be at the level of animals where they don’t establish the ‘Halal (the authoritative) nor refrain from ‘Haram (the forbidden). Their conduct will be based on mindless and faithless vain-desires, this is when the last hour before Judgment will occur.

Granted, the ‘Concealed Pole’ (al-Qutb al-Maktum) gathers the ‘Seal of Special Mohammedian Sainthood’ (khatm al-wilaya al-Mohammediya al-khassa): the last and most perfect saint in the historical process of sainthood. With this person evolution of special sainthood has found its end, just as perfect prophethood had their seal; the Prophet Sidna Mohammed (peace and blessing be upon him). As previously revealed by Sidi Hakim Tirmidhi in his work, Kitab Khatm al-Awliya, Shaykh al-Akbar Muhyiddin ibn Arabi al-Andalusi was the first Sufi to beautifully unwind the glory and prestige of Khatm al-Awliya. In the treatise of Anqa’ al-Maghreb fi-khatm al-awliya wa shams al-Maghreb (The Moroccan phoenix in the sealhood of sanctity and sun of the Maghreb), he went too far when he revealed the very-concealed originality of the khatm,

As the Holy Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) knew that he was a prophet when Adam was between water and clay, the khatm knew that he was a saint when Adam was between water and clay(…) (Verily) he is the saint, the heir, who imbibes from the original source (al- wali al-warith al-akhid ‘ani al-asl). He scrutinizes the divine standings (al-mushahid li’ maratib) and inspects its saints (al-‘arif bi istihqaqi as’habiha) to give each one what he deserves. He is truly a decency (hasana) from the decencies of the Lord of Messengers (peace and blessing be upon him).

Sidi Ali al-Khawas, teacher of the noted Egyptian Shadhilite Sidi Abdelwahhab Shaarani (d. 905/1490) sparked conclusively,

“Almighty Allah Has Bestowed His Bounty on this [Islamic] Ummah when He allocated two Absolute Seals [i.e. the Khatm and awaited Mahdi]. These saints congregate the divine ranks, stages, bequests, and sanctities in every spiritual domain and sphere. Every saint there has ever been, or will ever be, can only receive from these two Seals, one of whom is the Seal of the sainthood of the elite (wilayat al-khusus), while the other is the one by whom the common sainthood (wilayat al-umum) is sealed, for there will be no saint after him until the advent of the Final Hour.”

Sidna Shaykh’s obsolete khatmiya is best understood in the concept of fayd (overflowing). The Shaykh reported that the spiritual overflowings of the khatm which descends from the presence of the ‘Hadra al-Mohammediya (peace and blessing be upon him) were distributed through him over the whole span of the history of the world. After he informed that the cosmos (al-barzakh) is filled by seven hierarchal divine presences (‘Hadarat): (1) the ‘Hadra Ahmediya, (2) the ‘Hadra Mohammediya, (3) the ‘Hadra of Anbiya (prophets), (4) the ‘Hadra of Khatm al-Awliya, (5) the ‘Hadra of Khatm al-Awliya’s disciples, (6) the ‘Hadra of Poles and Saints, (7) the ‘Hadra of their disciples,

Whatever descends from the ‘Hadra Mohammediya is received by the ‘Hadra of Anbiya. And whatever descends from the ‘Hadra of Anbiya is received by the ‘Hadra of Khatm al-Awliya. The Khatm distributes what he takes to the ‘Hadra of poles and saints who overflow their own disciples. Moreover I receive a special overflowing from the ‘Hadra Mohammediya (peace and blessing be upon) with no witness save Allah Almighty (wa li-minhu sallah’Allah-u ‘alayhi wa sallama mashraban khassan la ya’alamuhu illa’Allah-u Ta’ala)

The special concealed fayd of the khatm on the presences of poles and saints beneath him characterizes the distinctive feature of the katmiya (concealness) complex. Over his katmiya- katmiya throne, Sidna Shaykh is the cosmos of cosmoses (barzakh al-barazikh) through which the divine overflowings are distributed over the whole span of the history of the world. The katmiya- katmiya complex is expressed in Sidna Shaykh’s most famous maxims:

“My companions are the one meant in, ‘And few from the last’ (Wa qalilun mina-l akhirin)” [Quran 56:14]; “My feet are above the necks of all the saints” (Qadami ‘ala raqabati kuli Awliya’ Allah Ta’ala); ” I will ascend a panel made of light (minbar min nur) at the Trumpet when a speaker exclaims: ‘Here is the leader that supports you” (hada imam-ukum al-lladi kana yumiddukum); “I am the lord of saints as Sidna Mohammed (peace and blessing be upon him) is the lord of prophets. His spirit supports (ru’huhu tumiddu) the prophets and my spirit (wa ru’hi) supports the poles over the whole span of the history of the world (mina al-azal ila al-abad)”; “No saint imbibes (yashrab) or is poured (yusqa) save from our sea from the creation of universe till the Trumpet”; “Poles (al-aqtab) are compared to me as common people (al-‘amma) are compared to them”; “My sword is hung on the sky. Whomever tries to ascend, I shall cut his head; “Almighty Allah bestowed on us a very elevated status that must not be revealed (inna lana martabatan ‘ta’alat fil ‘uluwi ‘inda Allah Ta’ala ila ‘haddin yuhramu dhikruhu). It is not what I have exposed to you (laysa huwa ma afshaytu lakum). No! It is behind it. If I declare (the nature of) it, the truthful Sufis would regard me a disbeliever let alone the common”.

Speaking on the greatness of Sidna Shaykh, the venerated Khalifa Sidi Ali Harazem ibn al-Arbi Berrada reports in Risalat al-fadhl wal imtinan (The Letter of Merit and Gratitude),

Almighty Allah has gathered and assembled for Sidna Shaykh poleness (al-qutbaniya) and concealness (al-katmiya), as well as the intercession (shafa’a) for the people of his time during the Shaykh’s lifetime until his death. Those who reaches the sublime gnosis (ma’arifa) within his presence a number of one million people multiplied by itself then fourfold (1.000.000*1.000.000*1.000.000*1.000.000). Close to this number are women and the Jinns. Thus this number will be reaching the perfect gnosis (ma’arifa) and reality (haqiqa), unicity (tawhid) and courtesy (adab), sciences (al-’ulum), rectitude (al-istiqama) and the role of lights (anwar) that was orally (mushafahatan) taught to him by the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him). It is crystal clear that no one has been honoured with such a rank in the past, present and future, save what has Allah bestowed on our Shaykh through the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him), who gave him to invoke the “Greatest Name of Allah” (al-Ism al-Kabir al-A’adham) especially reserved for the Prophet for supplication’s fulfillment.

(…) Almighty Allah has indeed bestowed His Grace upon Sidna Shaykh and made him the Educator (Shaykh Tarbiya) leading the disciple to the perfect knowledge, the reality, the courtesy, the unicity and rectitude. The Shaykh can lead him to Allah in an eye glance (bi-nadhra) as well as moving him from the obstacles of (the three ranks of Islamdom): Islam (submission), iman (faith) and ihsan (righteousness). He can also embellish him with that eye glance with the three above stances. He can also lead him in intoxication (sukr) or sobriety (sa’hw) states as well as in a state of death or of eternity; as the Shaykh sees every one with his heart though he is in a remote place and in spite of the fact he is an unbeliever (kafir) or a despot king. By his eye glance, the one will be a knowledgeable (’arif) and a God-fearing man (mu’min)! Moreover, all these attainments do not need companionship (suhba) or spiritual education (tarbiya). The Shaykh can only look at him (during his life and pass) through his heart whenever this disciple is based. Therefore he turns him to a perfect knowledgeable man. Importantly, Sidna Shaykh’s path on human beings (al-bashar) exceed the number of ten thousand. Each path is derived into other paths of gnosis until the Hereafter. The Jinn’s paths, on the other hand, exceed the number of ten thousand. Each of these paths is also derived into sections until the Hereafter.

(…) Let us mention a letter from our Shaykh in order to appreciate the genuine knowledge and merit, his higher divine position, as well as the great rewards that are reserved for his trustworthy companions (…),

In the Name of Allah the Compassionate the Merciful. All peace and Blessings be upon our Messenger, his household and his companions. From its writer Ahmed ibn Mohammed Tijani. May Allah bestow upon you all His gratitude and avoid you all the harsh obstacles of this life and that of the Hereafter. Know that the gratitude (fadl) of Allah is beyond borders and He gives it to whom He pleases. (Thus be informed that) there is no saint who can enter his disciples to Heaven without any deeds accountancy except me alone. This is guaranteed to me by the Blessed Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) (and this) cannot be told or known except in the hereafter. With all these assets, still, we cannot disregard the sanctity of the saints either alive or dead as truly speaking the one who glorifies their sanctity, Allah will glorify his sanctity and the one who disrespects them, surely he will be disrespected by Almighty Allah, so, again, do not underestimate the sanctity of the saints.

Another letter related to the importance of reciting the (Tijani) wird and the eventual spiritual benefits to those performing it:

In the Name of Allah the Compassionate the Merciful. All peace and Blessings be upon our Messenger, his household and his companions. Further to your enquiry, know that the Lord of the Universe the Holy Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) has informed me in the month of Rajab 1200 (1785) about the rank of Qutbania and all his news and information to us are in daylight not in dreams (yaqadatan la-manaman):

“You are a safe person and all who saw you are savers provided they have died on the faith (iman)”. He added then, “Any one who saw you on a Friday or Monday will enter Paradise without any deeds accountancy and he shall not see hell whether he is obedient or not”. Once I have seen what has been told to me by the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him), I did recall the close companions and those who were kind to me and those who had served me, as most of them were saying to me: “We will make you accountable the Day of Judgment if we are to enter hell while you are watching us”, I have replied to them: “I cannot do anything for you”. But after I have seen the love of the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) which was frankly conveyed to me, I have asked him mercy and forgiveness for all those who have been courteous to me, as well as those who fed me and those who did not harm me, for those all I sought for them both forgiveness of sins and safety, and that the gates of Heaven are to be opened for them the Day of Judgment and are to enjoy ‘Illiyyin (The highest rank of paradise) next to the Blessed Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him). The Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) duly replied to me: “I have guaranteed such request to you and to your followers and you are to be my neighbours”. All what has been mentioned took place in a wakefulness state not in dreams. In another situation the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) has told me: “You are my dearest friend (anta ‘habibi) as well as the one who loved you (wa kullu man a’habbaka ‘habibi). Verily (you beloved) will not die until he becomes a saint”. Also, the Prophet (peace and blessing be upon him) said once to me: “I have made to you a lasting guarantee (dhamana) for all what you seek”, this I have to say to you and if you are to be consistent and coherent in your sincere love to us, so bear glad tidings for such good news as you will be meeting your Lord on the ever best finality and whoever loves us will only die as a saint, so grab to this rope. Wassalam (peace be upon you).

The letters above constitute the core jurisprudence of Tijaniya order (fiqh at-tariqa). Tijanis are ordered not to visit living saints or the tombs of dead ones. Tijanis are not bound to sin, but could rely on Sidna Shaykh’s own guarantee of salvation granted to him by his grandfather (peace and blessing be upon him). This includes anyone who saw him on Mondays and Fridays and did not become his enemy. Sufi brothers are safe from their masters if they leave other orders they are members of, as the Tijaniya in itself summed up all the other orders. Tijanis are ordered not cut themselves from the world and so live in society wearing fancy clothes and eating choice food following the path of blame (tariq al-malamatiya) designated by the Companion Sidna Abu Bakr Siddiq (may Allah be satisfied with him). Malamatiya live under one code: “Avoid impressing human beings at all times and avoid seeing their pleasure in any type of characteristic or behaviour. If you do not, you will soon be blamed for what God agency has caused you to possess.” Shaykh al-Azhar Sidi Mohammed al-Hafidh al-Misri (d. 1398/1983) articulates,

The highly venerable masters in this tariqa have stated that the Tijaniya has the highest standing amongst all, and every Sufi path of education is included in it. It is well-known to those who know the ways of the people of Allah that some of them educate by seclusion (khalwa), others educate without, some others educate through performance of dhikr in secret (sirran), and yet others educate through loud performance (jahran), and some people attain through recitation of prayers upon the Prophet. Likewise, promotion (tarqiya) could be by a glance, or an aim, or a Name, or ecstatic attraction, etc. Thus, every dhikr or particularity that is known in other tariqas does perfectly exist in this (Tijani) tariqa. In it gather all the good traits of other tariqas; and it does stand alone with what is specially endowed to its adherents. Allah said, “That is the bounty of Allah; which He gives unto whom He will. Allah is of infinite bounty” [62:4].

Sidi Ali ibn Harzihim (ra)

April 15, 2008

Sidi Ali ibn Harzihim (d. 544/1129)
Once Andalusian Malikism became states policy in Marrakech and Fez, as well as in Cordoba and Seville, Arab jurists acting under the authority of Almoravid governors set out to suppress dissenting opinions. As a part of this crackdown, all copies of al-Ghazali’s (d. 526/1111) I’hya’ ‘ulum ad-din were ordered confiscated and publicly burned. According to most historians, the banning of this work was due to al-Ghazali’s Shafi’i-inspired critiques of non-usuli legal traditions. Another reason, perhaps, was al-Ghazali’s belief, following his teacher Sidi Abul Ma’ali Abdelmalik Jawayni (d. 499/1105), that all knowledgeable Muslims—and not just the official ulama—could act as representatives of the Muslim community. According to this theory, all learned men had a right to be considered as “those who loosen and bind” (ahl al-hall wal ‘aqd) and could have a voice in the conformation or rejection of claimants to the throne. Since this wider group of ulama included both usuli dissidents and juridically-oriented Sufis, such views would not have been popular at the Almoravid court.

An immediate result of the suppression of al-Ghazali’s works was the spread of the usuli dissidence throughout Morocco. The most significant exponent of this movement was the Masmuda Shaykh Sidi al-Mahdi ibn Toumart (d. 524/1130) himself who were to become the founder of Almohad (al-muwahhidun—”unitarian”) movement. The Imam and Shaykh Ibn Toumart was joined to his opposition to the Almoravids by a number of Andalusian and Moroccan Sufis, whose journeys to the Muslim East had brought them into contact with Shafi’i jurists, Ash’ari theologians and other representatives of Sunni internationalism. Among these Sufis were Sidi Qadi Abul Fadl Iyyad (d. 544/1129), Sidi Abul Fadl ibn an-Nahwi (d. 513/1098), and Sidi Abu Abdellah Daqqaq. As had earlier been the case in the days of Sidi Darras ibn Ismail (d. 357/942), scholars from the city of Fez were instrumental in furthering this latest attempt of reform.

A major centre of the dissemination of usuli doctrines in Fez was the rabita, Sufi hermitage, of Sidi Abu Mohammed Salih ibn Harzihim (d. after. 526/1111). The Ibn Harzihim (Harazem) family, who traced their ancestry to Sidna Uthman ibn ‘Affan (may Allah be satisfied with him), the third caliph in Islam, had been prominent in Fasi scholarly circles for more than a century. As the scion of this family of religious notables, Abu Mohammed Salih had the financial means to travel as far away as Jerusalem for education where he studied I’hya’ ‘ulum ad-din under Shaykh al-Ghazali himself and Baghdad where he was initiated into the Sahrawardiya tradition under the order’s founder Sidi Abu Najib as-Sahrawardi (d. 563/1148). Shaykh Sidi Abu Hamid al-Ghazali, on the one hand, took the patched cloak (khirqa) from Sidi Haramayn Juwayni, who had it from Sidi Mohamed Juwayni, from Sidi Abu Talib al-Makki (d. 386/971), from Sidi Abu Mohamed Jariri, from Imam Sidi Abul Qacem al-Junaid (d. 297/882). As for Sidi Abu Najib, he was also connected to Imam al-Junaid through Sidi Omar Bickri, Sidi al-Qadi Wajduddin, Sidi Mohamed Bickri and Sidi Mohammed Dinnuri.

Upon Sidi Abu Mohammed Salih’s death and burial outside Bab al-Futuh in Fez, he was succeeded as head of the Ibn Harzihim rabita by his nephew Sidi Abul Hassan Ali (d. 544/1129), the famous “Sidi ibn Harzihim” of Fez. Shaykh Sidi Ali ibn Harzihim in genealogically connected to Sidna Uthman ibn Affan through his father Sidi Ismail, ibn Mohammed, ibn Abdellah, ibn Harzihim (may Allah be satisfied with him), ibn Zayyan, ibn Yusuf, ibn Sumaran, ibn Hafs, ibn al-Hassan, ibn Mohammed, ibn Abdellah, ibn Omar, ibn Uthman ibn Affan (may Allah be satisfied with him). Despite his uncle’s passionate adherence of al-Ghazali’s teaching, however, the younger ibn Harzihim initially disproved of I’hya’ ‘ulum ad-din and even agreed with its banning, until his opinions were changed by a dream in which the Prophet Sidna Mohammed (peace and blessing be upon him) wiped him for his mistaken beliefs. Henceforward, and especially after he affiliated to the path of al-Ghazali through his disciple Sidi Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi (d. 543/1128, buried outside Bab al-Mahrouq in Fez), Sidi Ali ibn Harzihim became one of the most outspoken defenders of al-Ghazali in Morocco and devoted the rest of his life to teaching the I’hya’ to his students, who had to copy the full text of the book every year.

Shrine of al-Qutb Abul Hassan Sidi Ali ibn Harzihim, Bab al-Futuh, north-eastern modern Fez
(Emir al-Muminin Sultan Moulay Rachid has endowed the shrine income to the Debbarh sharifs)

Largely because of his role in disseminating the works of al-Ghazali, Sidi Ali ibn Harzihim was one of the most influential Moroccan Sufis of the formative period. Biographical sources reveal him to have been a highly complex individual whose teaching represented the work of the giant masters of the Maghrib: Sidi Salih ibn Harzihim, Sidi Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi, and Sidi Ali Boughaleb (d. 568/1153, buried inside Bab al-Futuh in Fez). He was an accomplished legal scholar and well-versed in the sciences of hadith and Quranic exegeses and had a fondness for Kitab ar-ri’aya li huquq Allah, al-Muhasibi’s treaties on Sufi psychology and ethics. This work, along with al-Ghazali’s of I’hya’, was a required text for Ibn Harzihim’s disciples. In his personal comportment, he was the quintessential ’abd salih: pious and ascetic, modest in dress, morally virtuous, of an open demeanour, and pleasant in nature. All who met him were moved to affection for him. Upon inheriting a considerable sum of money from his father, he gave all of it to the poor. He also respected learning of all kinds and stove to improve the quality of education in Fez, where he was born, and in Marrakech, where he was eventually exiled.

Despite his reputation as a salih, Ibn Harzihim was also the founder of Moroccan Path of Blame (tariq al-malama). In Ibn Harzihim’s case, however, malamati behaviour did not imply the open contravention of the Shari’a that earned antinomian extremists the censure ulama throughout the Muslim world. What prompted the Almoravid elite to disapprove of him were rather his politically motivated disregard for the prerogatives of rank, his apparent pretentiousness in referring to himself as the Axis of the Maghribis (Qutb al-maghariba), and his outspoken criticism of the Almoravides for their ethnoclassicism and prejudice. Apart from seeing the role of the salih as one of political activism, Ibn Harzihim did little more than heed the advice of Sidi Hamdun al-Qassar Nisaburi (d.271/884), the reputed father of the Malammatiya: “Avoid impressing human beings at all times and avoid seeing their pleasure in any type of characteristic or behaviour. If you do not, you will soon be blamed for what God agency has caused you to possess.”

Even the forced closing of Ibn Harzihim’s rabita and his exile to Marrakech could not silent this saint’s bitter tongue. The most detailed account of his sojourn in Marrakech appears in at-Tadili’s at-Tashawwuf and forms a postscript to the arrest and execution of the Andalusian Sufi Sidi Abu Hakam ibn Barrajan in 536/1121. No anecdote more clearly illustrates Ibn Harzihim’s opposition to the Almoravid regime and his contempt for its policies. In the following passage, the saint’s success in occupying the moral high ground causes Sultan Ali ibn Yusuf to back down from a confrontation over the burial of Ibn Barrajan (whose recently restored tomb can still be seen in Marrakech). It is easy to imagine how the Sultan equivocal response to Ibn Harzihim’s challenge played into the hands of the opponents of the Almoravids in their ongoing attempt to undermine the legitimacy of Sanhaja rule:

When Abul Hakam ibn Barrajan was ordered to be brought from Cordoba to Marrakech, he was asked about the matters causing his censure and brought them forth, commenting on their implications and differentiating [his beliefs] from those for which he was accused. Abul Hakam said: “By God, I will not live, and the one who brought me here [i.e. the Sultan] will not live after my death!” Then Abul Hakam died [i.e. was executed] and the Sultan commended that he be thrown onto the city garbage heap and that no one make the funeral prayer for him. This command was authorised by the jurists who were their accusers.

A black man who worked for Ali ibn Harzihim and attended his lessons went to [the Shaykh] and told him what the Sultan had ordered concerning Abul Hakam. Then Ibn Harzihim said to him, “If you wish to sell your soul to God, do what I tell you.” “Command what you wish and I will do it,” the man replied. [The Shaykh] said, “Proclaim in the streets and markets of Marrakech: ‘Ibn Harzihim orders you to be present at the funeral of the Shaykh, the legist, the exalted ascetic Abu Hakam ibn Barrajan. May the curse of God be upon him who is able to come and does not!’” The Man did as he was commanded and when [Ibn Harzihim's challenge] was made know to the Sultan, he said, “He who is aware of Ibn Barrajan’s excellence and is not present will be cursed by God.”

At the time of Shaykh Ibn Harzihim’s exile in Marrakech, some of his disciples had already established new rabitas of their own in Fez and beyond. Of these we mention the Shaykh of Shaykhs Sidi Abu Madyan (d. 5